Ukraine is running short of weapons to protect its cities, with vital assistance from Europe and the U.S. held up by political disputes, while President Volodymyr Zelenskyy fights with his commander-in-chief over military strategy.

Zelenskyy tried — and failed — to push Gen. Valeriy Zaluzhnyi aside this week, according to people briefed on the discussions. Zelenskyy is looking for a bolder approach to the conflict following last year’s failed counteroffensive and has appeared at odds with his general’s more conservative view.

As Russia’s invasion grinds into a third year, the fighting has settled into trench warfare with drones leaving little chance for either side to surprise the other along the front. To sustain this “active defense,” as the approach is known, Ukraine will need steady supplies of artillery shells and other munitions that allies are struggling to provide.

Publicly, Ukrainian officials say they will keep up the fight against Russia’s invasion forces even if allied support doesn’t come through. But reports from the front show the situation there increasingly dire, with Kyiv’s forces struggling at times to hold back Moscow’s troops, according to western officials familiar with the discussions who asked for anonymity to comment on confidential matters.

Recent waves of Russian missile attacks also killed dozens in Kyiv and other cities as Ukraine’s air defenses, which rely heavily on expensive interceptors provided by the allies, weren’t able to destroy as many of the incoming weapons as in the past, according to a European diplomat.

“We all know what is needed on the ground,” Estonian Defense Minister Hanno Pevkur said in an interview Tuesday. “Now the question is what we can send and what we can give.”

European allies will fall far short of the 1 million rounds they had promised to deliver by March 1, diplomats said, providing only about 600,000 by that deadline amid persistent production delays and concerns about depleting stocks. Defense ministers meeting in Brussels this week may seek to count other supplies to boost the total, but still won’t reach the 1 million goal, which was set last year, the diplomats said.

If Ukraine’s troops don’t have the shells to keep the pressure on, “Russia can continue firing artillery as their infantry attacks Ukrainian positions,” said Ann Marie Dailey, a researcher at Rand Corp. and an officer in the US Army Reserve. “That’s not a fair fight for the Ukrainian defenders.”

The challenges come as Ukraine’s commanders are finalizing plans to hold the 600-mile front line this year, probing for weaknesses in Russian defenses but not attempting a major breakthrough after last year’s counteroffensive yielded disappointing gains. Tensions have grown between Zelenskyy and his military chief, Zaluzhnyi, as the front lines have stagnated, according to western diplomats.

At a meeting in Kyiv on Monday, Zelenskyy asked the general to take on a new role as part of a reshuffle designed to reinvigorate Ukraine’s military leadership, according to people briefed on the conversation. Zaluzhnyi refused to relinquish control of the armed forces and subsequent leaks to the media deepened the distrust between the two camps which dates back to the early months of the war.

The two men have also sparred over a new law on conscription that aims to replenish the depleted ranks of the army but is unpopular with the Ukrainian people. The tensions have been exacerbated by the fact that Zaluzhnyi has widespread support with both the Ukrainian people and his troops. The general, who has the backing of 88% of Ukrainians in polls, has said he’s not interested in becoming a politician while Zelenskyy has also warned top military officials against entering politics.

Zaluzhnyi’s removal “will be deeply unpopular across the Ukrainian military,” Michael Kofman, a specialist on Russia and Ukraine at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, said Tuesday on the War on the Rocks podcast. “I am not sure how appointing someone new fixes any of these big questions on mobilization, on what the Ukrainian strategy should be.”

Moscow’s forces, meanwhile, are too battered to make significant advances unless Ukraine’s defenses collapse, according to western officials. Even then, the Kremlin would likely need to mobilize more troops to cement gains, something it’s so far been reluctant to do.

In Washington, the White House’s $60 billion assistance package has been stalled for months amid opposition from hard-line Republicans. While the administration is still telling Kyiv and the other allies that it expects to win approval ultimately, doubts are growing as the presidential campaign picks up.

“Without it, simply put, everything that Ukrainians achieved and that we’ve helped them achieve will be in jeopardy,” U.S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken told a news conference Monday alongside NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg, who’s visiting Washington this week to help rally support for Ukraine.

European Union leaders meet Feb. 1 for an emergency summit to try to overcome the opposition from Hungary’s Moscow-friendly government to releasing the €50 billion ($54 billion) in aid. If that effort fails — as it did in December — the bloc will have to find a way to fund the support without Budapest. Either way, the EU aims to approve the aid by the end of February, a European official said.

Even if EU aid does come through, the lack of U.S. support would be felt by Ukrainian forces on the battlefield by late spring, according to western diplomats.

“The next few months will be decisive,” French President Emmanuel Macron said Tuesday. “Even if we’ve been lucky enough and are still lucky enough to have strong American support, it’s first and foremost our problem.”

The U.S. has been pushing Kyiv to spell out its war plan for this year more clearly given the constraints on support. Officials expect a combination of continued pressure along the front lines with more covert operations and long-range strikes deep behind Russian lines. Ukraine has used home-grown weapons for some of those attacks, which have hit Moscow’s supply lines and bases and shaken its control over the Black Sea.

Allied officials point out that the defensive tactics, while they don’t deliver the kinds of dramatic breakthroughs that helped win Ukraine international support in the first year of the war, will ultimately wear down Russia’s ability to keep fighting.

Kyiv has also built up some reserves of key allied munitions in recent months to help ensure its troops are supplied, according to a western official.

But that’s not enough to offset the shortage of artillery shells.

Ukrainian troops are firing on average only about a third as many rounds that the Russians do, according to Pevkur, the Estonian defense minister. Moscow is on track to get about 4.5 million shells from its own production and supplies from North Korea, according to Estonian estimates. And while Ukraine’s more advanced howitzers and targeting equipment mean its forces don’t need as many shells as Russia does to do the same level of damage, the quantity disadvantage can’t be overcome completely.

“Ukraine inevitably is on the strategic defensive,” said Ben Barry, a land-warfare specialist at the International Institute for Strategic Studies. With enough modern, high-tech equipment from the allies, he added “it might well be able to inflict significant damage on the Russians.”

Though Vladimir Putin has shifted Russia’s economy almost fully to a war footing, it will take years for it to rebuild the thousands of tanks and other weapons lost so far in the fighting, according to western officials. And Russia has lost more than 315,000 soldiers killed and wounded, according to US estimates. Lately, its troops have also been succumbing to outbreaks of hantavirus, a debilitating illness spread by mice in its trenches, according to Ukrainian officials.

The Kremlin has sought to signal through intermediaries that it might be willing to consider talks with the U.S. about ending the war, though American officials have said they’re skeptical about any such offers. Moscow is likely to delay any serious attempt at negotiations until after the U.S. presidential election in November, hoping for a second term for Donald Trump, who has said he would make a quick deal to end the war, according to people familiar with Russian thinking.

Ukraine, meanwhile, is struggling to replenish the ranks of its troops, with President Zelenskyy criticizing the military’s call for as many as 500,000 new conscripts.

Still, Kyiv is hopeful that if the allied support ultimately is approved, it will be able to rebuild its forces and step up the pressure on Russia. F-16 fighter aircraft will enter service later this year, according to officials, helping Ukraine challenge Russia’s air power. Allies also are working on a package of security pledges aimed at showing their commitment to protecting Kyiv for years to come.

Fighting is likely to subside a bit for the next few months, with more offensive action resuming in May and June as the ground dries, according to Estonia’s Pevkur. That’s also when the fate of EU and U.S. aid will be clear, he said.

“If we do not have the solution by that time, then for sure it’ll be extremely difficult for Ukraine to keep its positions,” he warned. “Because as we know, Russia doesn’t care about losing men. We’ve seen that so many times.”

With assistance from Alberto Nardelli, Jorge Valero, Ellen Milligan and Ania Nussbaum.

©2024 Bloomberg L.P.

Visit bloomberg.com

Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.