TORONTO — Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has told NATO officials privately that Canada will never meet the military alliance's defense spending target, according to a leaked secret Pentagon assessment obtained by The Washington Post. The document's anonymous authors say Canada's "widespread" military deficiencies are harming ties with security partners and allies.

The document, which has not been previously reported on, says "enduring" defense shortfalls led the Canadian Armed Forces to assess in February that it "could not conduct a major operation while simultaneously maintaining its NATO battle group leadership [in Latvia] and aid to Ukraine" — and that the situation was not "likely" to change without a shift in public opinion.

The United States and Canada, neighbors and close NATO allies, share responsibility for defending the continent as partners in the North American Aerospace Defense Command, or NORAD. Washington has long pressed Ottawa to boost its spending on defense and hasten plans to upgrade military capabilities and infrastructure in the Arctic, where officials in both countries warn that Russia and China are being more assertive.

But the document, part of a trove of classified material leaked to the Discord messaging app, allegedly by a member of the Massachusetts Air National Guard, offers new insight into dissatisfaction and concern in the United States and beyond about Canadian defense policy and priorities.

"Widespread defense shortfalls hinder Canadian capabilities," the document says, "while straining partner relationships and alliance contributions."

The assessment, which bears the seal of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, says Germany is concerned about whether the Canadian Armed Forces can continue to aid Ukraine while meeting its NATO pledges. Turkey is "disappointed" by the Canadian military's "refusal" to support the transport of humanitarian aid after February's deadly earthquake, the document says, and Haiti is "frustrated" by Ottawa's reluctance to lead a multinational security mission to that crisis-racked nation.

Since February 2022, Canada has provided Ukraine more than $1 billion of military aid, including armored vehicles, ammunition, a surface-to-air missile system that it sourced from the United States and eight German-made Leopard II tanks that it transferred to Poland for delivery to Ukraine. The Canadian Armed Forces has trained more than 36,000 Ukrainian military and security personnel since 2015 and leads a NATO battle group in Latvia.

But some NATO members are "concerned" that Canada has not increased the number of personnel deployed to Latvia, the document states, despite a pledge last year to do so. NORAD finds that the Canadian Armed Forces lacks "significant Arctic capabilities, and modernization plans have not materialized despite multiple public statements."

A Pentagon spokesman declined to address the contents of the assessment. He told The Post that the "bond" between the two countries "remains close."

"Canada is much more than an exemplary neighbor; it is a reliable friend and a steadfast ally," said the spokesman, who commented on the condition of anonymity to discuss the sensitive matter. "For more than a century, the United States and Canada have stood shoulder to shoulder protecting our homelands, building a secure and prosperous North America, upholding democracy and defending freedom around the world. We will continue to stand together in support of those values."

The U.S. Northern Command did not respond to a request for comment.

Kerry Buck, a former Canadian ambassador to NATO, said Canada has long relied on the United States to be its security umbrella. She said Canadian diplomats and defense officials "are fully aware" of the impact that shortfalls have "on Canada's international reputation and our reputation with our U.S. partners."

"Whether that translates into government-wide action is a different question with a different answer," Buck told The Post. "There has been underinvestment in defense and broader security for quite a while now in Canada, from my perspective, and through successive governments."

The document contains markings indicating that at least some of the intelligence it contains was drawn from human sources and is not to be shared with foreign nationals. The date on which it was written is obscured, but the document includes references to events in February. Trudeau and President Biden discussed defense spending and NORAD modernization when they met in Ottawa March.

The assessment echoes long-standing criticisms and observations about Canada's commitment to defense. In an open letter released Monday, the Canada-based Conference of Defense Associations Institute called on Ottawa to "radically accelerate the timelines for procurement and redress the poor state of our nation's current defense capacity, capabilities and state of readiness."

"Years of restraint, cost cutting, downsizing and deferred investment have meant that Canada's defense capabilities have atrophied," said 60 signatories, who included several former Canadian defense ministers, military commanders, and security and intelligence officials.

According to NATO, Canada spends an estimated 1.29 percent of its economic output on defense — well short of the 2 percent guideline that members agreed in 2014 they would aim to meet. In the midst of the war in Ukraine, which has mobilized Western allies, NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg said recently that a growing number of countries view the benchmark "as the floor, not the ceiling."

Trudeau, in public, has been noncommittal when asked when Canada will meet the target. Privately, the document says, he has "told NATO officials that Canada will never reach 2% defense spending." It notes that the military budget has been below 1.4 percent of gross domestic product for 26 years.

Trudeau has been prime minister for nearly eight of those years. Asked this week about the letter from the Conference of Defense Associations Institute, he blamed some military procurement issues on his predecessor. "Canada will continue to do its share," he told reporters in Ottawa. But he added that "governments are challenged with a whole bunch of different priorities that we have to invest in and get the balance right on."

Trudeau's office referred requests for comment to the Ministry of Defense. A spokesman for Defense Minister Anita Anand told The Post that Canada's "commitment to Euro-Atlantic and global security is ironclad — and we continue to make landmark investments to equip our Armed Forces."

Spokesman Daniel Minden called the $19 billion purchase of 88 F-35 fighter jets in January the largest investment in the Royal Canadian Air Force in 30 years. Canada is spending $38.6 billion to "modernize its NORAD capabilities," he said, and is "working diligently to surge the Canadian-led NATO battle group in Latvia to brigade level."

Canada's defense policy calls for defense spending to increase by more than 70 percent from 2017 to 2026, he said. But even if the country fulfills that aim, it will still fall short of the 2 percent baseline.

Gen. Wayne Eyre, Canada's chief of the defense staff — the equivalent of the chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff — has acknowledged problems in recruitment, retention and readiness. The government last year announced a review of defense policy. Critics say it must be sped up.

In October, Eyre ordered a halt to nonessential activities so commanders could focus on personnel shortages. One factor fueling the shortages, officials acknowledged, is a string of sexual misconduct allegations against top leaders. A government-commissioned report said the crisis "has caused as much damage as defeat in combat would have to demoralize the troops and shock Canadians."

The document lists problems with what it categorizes as readiness, personnel, "political apathy" and procurement.

It says that nearly all of Canada's 78 Leopard II tanks "require extensive maintenance and lack spare parts." In one unit, only nine of 40 are fully or partially operational. The assessment says the military lacks half the pilots it requires and calls procurement decisions "politically motivated, constrained by limited staffing and not properly codified in budget items."

Canadian military leaders, it says, "perceive that politicians do not care about supporting them and that senior politicians publicly misrepresent defense spending for political gain."

The assessment notes Canada's response to an unidentified aerial object that violated Canadian airspace in February.

Canadian and American fighter jets were scrambled, and an American F-22 fighter jet shot the object down in Canada's Yukon territory on Feb. 11. At the time, Anand said that the process was "sound" and that the shoot-down was "NORAD doing what it supposed to do."

But the document says the response of the Canadian CF-18 fighter jets "was delayed by 1 hour, necessitating U.S. assistance" — an example of a readiness issue.

Eyre told a parliamentary committee last month that the jets were "somewhat delayed" by freezing rain. He did not specify the length of the delay.

"Let me say up front that the shoot-down occurred in exactly the way we practice, exactly the way we train," he told Canadian lawmakers. He said his communications with the commander of NORAD and other military and political leaders were "almost textbook."

"That being said, there are some lessons that we are garnering from this," Eyre said.